⑆ WORD & PHRASE

1	grocery	식료품	29	fair	시장, 박람회, 명백한,
2	hog	돼지	30	can you show me~?	알려줄래?
3	bamboo	대나무	31	repeat	반복
4	trader	상인	32	can you say that again?	다시 한 번 말해줄래?
5	germ	세균	33	Would you repeat again?	다시 한 번 말해줄래?
6	disease	질병	34	recently	최근에
7	functional	기능적인	35	select	선택하다
8	exist	존재하다	36	make a chart	차트를 만들다
9	on one's own	스스로, 혼자 힘으로	37	ballpoint pen	볼펜
10	practical	실용적인	38	rough	힘든. 사나운
11	emerge	알려지다, 드러나다	39	as you know	아시다시피
12	struggle	노력, 분투, 고투	40	nothing special	특별한 것은 없다
13	award	수여하다	41	press	누르다
14	patent	특허, 특허권	42	toothbrush	칫솔
15	civilian	일반인	43	chew sticks	씹는 막대
16	it takes 시간 to	~하는데 시간이 걸리다	44	nylon	나일론
17	drum up	북을 두드려 북돋우다	45	fold	주름
18	not until	~후에야 비로소	46	paper bag	종이봉투
19	the number of	~의 수	47	Egyptian	이집트의
20	a number of	많은~	48	branch	나뭇가지
21	due to	~때문에	49	prefer	~을 더 선호하다
22	hookless	갈고리가 없는	50	date back to	~로 거슬러 올라가
23	be credited with	~로 공로를 인정받다	51	bring A to B	A를 B로 가지고 가다
24	base A on B	A의 기초를 B에 두다	52	not A until B	B할때까지 A하지 않다
25	paper jam	종이 걸림	53	be make of	~로 만들어지다
26	out of paper	종이 없음	54	base on	기초를 둔
27	in turn	차례로	55	shut off	꺼지다, 멈추다
28	bamboo	대나무	56	dead battery	배터리가 방전되다

⑆ TEST 1

1	grocery		29	fair
2	hog		30	can you show me~?
3	bamboo		31	repeat
4	trader		32	can you say that again?
5	germ		33	Would you repeat again?
6	disease		34	recently
7	functional		35	select
8	exist		36	make a chart
9	on one's own		37	ballpoint pen
10	practical		38	rough
11	emerge		39	as you know
12	struggle		40	nothing special
13	award		41	press
14	patent		42	toothbrush
15	civilian		43	chew sticks
16	it takes 시간 to		44	nylon
17	drum up		45	fold
18	not until		46	paper bag
19	the number of		47	Egyptian
20	a number of		48	branch
21	due to		49	prefer
22	hookless		50	date back to
23	be credited with		51	bring A to B
24	base A on B		52	not A until B
25	paper jam		53	be make of
26	out of paper		54	base on
27	in turn		55	shut off
28	bamboo		56	dead battery

⑆ TEST 2

1	식료품		29	시장, 박람회, 명백한,
2	돼지		30	알려줄래?
3	대나무		31	반복
4	상인		32	다시 한 번 말해줄래?
5	세균		33	다시 한 번 말해줄래?
6	질병		34	최근에
7	기능적인		35	선택하다
8	존재하다		36	차트를 만들다
9	스스로, 혼자 힘으로		37	볼펜
10	실용적인		38	힘든. 사나운
11	알려지다, 드러나다		39	아시다시피
12	노력, 분투, 고투		40	특별한 것은 없다
13	수여하다		41	누르다
14	특허, 특허권		42	칫솔
15	일반인		43	씹는 막대
16	~하는데 시간이 걸리다		44	나일론
17	북을 두드려 북돋우다		45	주름
18	~후에야 비로소		46	종이봉투
19	~의 수		47	이집트의
20	많은~		48	나뭇가지
21	~때문에		49	~을 더 선호하다
22	갈고리가 없는		50	~로 거슬러 올라가
23	~로 공로를 인정받다		51	A를 B로 가지고 가다
24	A의 기초를 B에 두다		52	B할때까지 A하지 않다
25	종이 걸림		53	~로 만들어지다
26	종이 없음		54	기초를 둔
27	차례로		55	꺼지다, 멈추다
28	대나무		56	배터리가 방전되다

⑆ LET'S LISTEN

1.

M: Sujin, do you happen to have a voice recorder? W: No, but my MP3 player has that function. Do you want to use it? M: Yes, please. Can you show me how to do that? W: Sure. Just press and briefly hold the RECORD button. The recording starts as soon as the file name appears.	남: 수진아, 너 혹시 녹음기 있니? 여: 아니, 근데 내 MP3에 그 기능이 있어. 써볼래? 남: 그래, 부탁해. 사용법을 알려줄래? 여: 물론이지. 그냥 녹음 버튼을 누르고 잠깐 뒤, 파일명이 나타나자마자 녹음이 시작돼.

2.

M: Emily, do you know how to repeat the songs on the tape? W: Just press the REPEAT button. M: I did, but is plays the same song over and over again. Can you show me how to do that? W: Oh, I see what went wrong. You have to press the button twice if you want to repeat all the songs.	남; Emily, 테이프의 노래 반복하는 방법 아니? 여: 그냥 반복 버튼을 눌러. 남: 그렇게 했어. 근데 같은 노래가 반복해서 나와. 사용법을 알려줄래? 여: 아, 뭐가 잘못됐는지 알겠다. 모든 노래를 반복하기 원하면 버튼을 두 번 눌러야 해.

3.

M: Excuse me, I am looking for a birthday gift for my sister. What would you recommend for her? W: What about this electronic dictionary? It is very popular. M: Is is easy to use? Can you show me how to do that? W: Sure. If you want to look up an English word, hit the ENG-KOR button. Then enter the word and press Enter.	남: 실례합니다. 제 여동생에게 줄 생일 선물을 찾고 있는데요. 무엇ㅇ르 추천해주시겠어요? 여: 이 전자사전은 어떨까요? 아주 인기 있어요. 남: 사용하게 편한가요? 사용법을 알려주시겠어요? 여: 그러죠. 영어 단어를 찾고 싶으면 ENG-KOR 버튼을 누르세요. 그리고 단어를 치고 ENTER를 누르세요.

B. 대화를 듣고, 대화에 나오는 발명품에 관한 내용을 표로 정리해 봅시다.

W: Stories Behind Everyday Things. What is this book about, Jacob? ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ M: It tells about where everyday items come from. Let me give you an example. Do you know who invented the zipper? W: I don't know. Maybe Mr.Zipper? M: No. It was invented by Whitcomb Judson. W: By whom? Can you say that again? M: Whitcomb Judson. He was an American engineer who invented the zipper for one of his friends who had a back problem.	여: 생활용품에 숨겨진 이야기. 이 책은 무엇에 관한거야, Jacob? 남: 그건 생활용품이 어디에서 왔는지 말해주는 거야. 예를 들어볼게. 누가 지퍼를 발명했는지 아니? 여: 몰라. 아마 Mr.Zipper? 남: 아니야. Whitcomb Judson에 의해 발명됐어. 여: 누구에 의해서? 다시 말해줄래? 남: Whitcomb Judson. 그는 등에 문제가 있던 그의 친구 중 한명을 위해 지퍼를 발명한 미국의 기술자였어.

C. 라디오 방송을 듣고, 유명 인사들이 가장 중요한 발명품이라고 말한 물건을 모두 골라 봅시다.

M: Recently, a New York writer asked over one hundred well-known people to answer the question "What do you think is the most important invention of all time?" Some of their answers may surprise you. One person chose the eraser because we can correct our mistakes with it. Another person chose reading glasses because they allow people to read when they get old. A science writer chose the mirror because it allowed us to see ourselves as others see us. What do you think is the most important invention of all time? Please let us know your choice.	남: 최근에, 뉴욕의 한 작가가 100명이 넘는 유명 인사들에게 "역사상 가장 중요한 발명이 무엇이라고 생각하십니까?" 라는 질문을 했다. 그들의 대답 중 몇은 아마도 당신을 놀라게 할 것이다. 한 사람은 우리가 한 실수를 고칠 수 있다는 이유로 지우개를 선택했다. 다른 사람은 사람들이 늙었을 때 글을 읽을 수 있게 해준다는 이유로 돋보기를 선책했다. 한 과학 작가는 다른 사람이 보는 것처럼 우리를 볼 수 있게 해준다는 이유로 거울을 택했다. 역사상 가장 중요한 발명은 무엇이라고 생각하는가? 당신의 선택을 알려주길 원한다.

⑆ LET'S COMMUNICATE

A. 발명품에 관한 대화를 듣고, 다음 활동을 해 봅시다.

W: Today we will continue to talk about the top 10 inventions of all time. Today's invention is the compass. As you know, we use it to find directions. The compass may have been used during the 3rd century B.C. in China, or perhaps, if the old tales are true, even 300 years earlier. The earliest record of a compass being used comes from the 3rd century. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━	여: 오늘 우리는 역사상 최고의 10가지 발명품에 대한 이야기를 계속하려합니다. 오늘의 발명품은 나침반입니다. 아시다시피, 우리는 그것을 방향을 찾는 데 사용합니다. 나침반은 중국에서 기원전 3시기 동안 사용되었을 것입니다. 혹은 오래된 이야기가 사실이라면 300년 전부터입니다. 나침반이 사용된 최초의 기록은 3세기부터였습니다.

B. 대화를 듣고, 다음 활동을 해 봅시다.

M: You seem to be having a problem with the copy machine. Can I help you? W: Didn't you make one-sided originals into two-sided copies this morning? I can't seem to work it out. Can you show me how to do that? M: Sure. Select the BASIC COPYING and then you will see the 2 SIDED COPY feature. Since you have one-sided documents, choose the 1->2 SIDED among the five choices. Finally, hit the SAVE button. W: Thanks. Let me give it a try.	남: 복사기에 문제가 있는 것 같아 보이네요. 도와드릴까요? 여: 오늘 아침에 한면으로 된 원본을 양면으로 복사하지 않았나요? 될 것 같지가 않아요. 사용법을 알려주시겠어요? 남: 그러죠. 기본 복사를 선택하시고 나면 양면 복사란이 보여요. 한면으로 된 문서를 사지고 있으니까 5가지 선택사항 중에석 1->2면을 선택하세요. 마지막으로 SAVE 버튼을 누르세요. 여: 감사합니다. 한번 해볼게요.

⑆ READING

The Toothbrush: Egypt, 3000 B.C.

The earliest toothbrushes, found in Egyptian tombs dating back to 3000 B.C., (was, were) called 'chew sticks.' They were small branches with a soft end that (was, were) rubbed on the teeth. Chew sticks are still (used, using) today in some parts of the world. were,were,used

The first animal-hair toothbrushes were developed in China around 1498. The hairs, taken from the hair of hogs living in cold climates, (was, were) tied to handles made of bamboo or bone. Traders from China brought the animal-hair toothbrushes to Europe, but the people there found the hog hairs too firm. At the time, those Europeans who did brush their teeth preferred horsehair toothbrushes, (which, that) were much softer. were,which

When Louis Pasteur introduced the idea of germs in the 1800s, people realized that all animal-hair toothbrushes eventually build up tiny bacteria, (which, that) in turn could cause mouth diseases. (Wash, Washing) animal-hair brushes in boiling water could leave them too soft or (destroy, destroying) them entirely. This problem was not solved until the 1930s, when the soft nylon toothbrush was invented in the US.which,washing,,destory

Q. What did the earliest toothbrushes look like?

	Point

수일치: 분사구문 삽입절 , 관계사절

he toothbrushes,( found~ ),were called

small branches with a soft end that were rubbed  선행사 : branches

관계대명사의 계속적 용법: that은 계속적 용법으로 쓰이지 않는다.

강조의 do : those Europeans who did brush their teeth preferred horsehair toothbrushes, which were much softer.

병렬구조: Washing animal-hair brushes in boiling water could leave them too soft or destroy them entirely.

중요어휘 : date back

not A until B

어법상 어색한 부분을 고치시오.

The earliest toothbrushes, finding in Egyptian tombs dated back to 3000 B.C., was called 'chew sticks.'(3)The earliest toothbrushes, found in Egyptian tombs dating back to 3000 B.C., were called 'chew sticks.'

They were small branches with a soft end what were rubbed on the teeth. They were small branches with a soft end that were rubbed on the teeth.

The first animal-hair toothbrushes developed in China around 1498. The first animal-hair toothbrushes were developed in China around 1498.

The hairs, taking from the hair of hogs living in cold climates, were tied to handles made of bamboo or bone. The hairs, taken from the hair of hogs living in cold climates, were tied to handles made of bamboo or bone.

The people there found the hog hairs too firmly. The people there found the hog hairs too firm.

Those Europeans who did brushed their teeth preferring horsehair toothbrushes, which was much softer.(3) those Europeans who did brush their teeth preferred horsehair toothbrushes, which were much softer.

Washing animal-hair brushes in boiling water could leave them too softly or destroyed them entirely.(2) Washing animal-hair brushes in boiling water could leave them too soft or destroy them entirely.

This problem was not solved after the 1930s, which the soft nylon toothbrush was invented in the US.(2)This problem was not solved until the 1930s, when the soft nylon toothbrush was invented in the US.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ The Brown Paper Bag: Philadelphia, 1883 There are few things simpler yet more functional than the paper bag. Picasso even painted on them. Even though it is a very simple thing, the paper bag as we know it today is surprisingly only one hundred years old. The inventor of the brown paper grocery bag was a man (naming, named) Charles Stilwell. One of his earliest inventions (was, were) the machine to produce paper bags. Bags existed before Stilwell's time, but they were pasted together by hand; their V-shaped bottoms prevented them from standing on their own, and they were not easily folded. Stilwell's design was a great example of simple engineering. The folds which allowed the bag to open quickly also permitted it to be folded and piled up neatly. But the feature that people liked the most was that it could stand up, fully open and upright, on its own. As the number of supermarkets increased due to the rapidly increasing population, demand for Stilwell's flat-bottom bags also grew. The fact that they were strong, cheap and practical made them popular all over the country and all over the world. Q. What made Charles Stilwell's paper bags so popular?

	Point

<부정어(few) + 비교급>: 최상급의 의미

수일치: One of the(소유격) 최상급+복수명사

5형식 : The folds which allowed the bag to open quickly also permitted it to be folded and piled up neatly.

that의 쓰임 (관계사/접속사): But the feature that people liked the most was that it could stand up, fully open and upright, on its own.

중요어휘

어법상 어색한 부분을 고치시오.

There are little things simpler yet functional than the paper bag.There are few things simpler yet more functional than the paper bag.

As though it is a very simple thing, the paper bag as we know it today is surprisingly only one hundred years old. Even though it is a very simple thing, the paper bag as we know it today is surprisingly only one hundred years old.

One of his earliest inventions were the machine to produce paper bags. One of his earliest inventions was the machine to produce paper bags.

their V-shaped bottoms prevented them of standing on their own, and they were not easy folded.(2) their V-shaped bottoms prevented them from standing on their own, and they were not easily folded.

The folds which allowed the bag opening quickly also permitted it to be folded and to pile up neatly.(2)The folds which allowed the bag to open quickly also permitted it to be folded and piled up neatly.

As the number of supermarkets increased due to the rapid increasing population, demand for Stilwell's flat-bottom bags also grew. As the number of supermarkets increased due to the rapidly increasing population, demand for Stilwell's flat-bottom bags also grew.

The fact which they were strong, cheap and practical made them popular all over the country and all over the world.The fact that they were strong, cheap and practical made them popular all over the country and all over the world.

The Zipper: Chicago, 1893 The zipper emerged out of a long and patient technological struggle. It took twenty years (getting, to get) it on the market, then an additional ten years (persuading, to persuade) people to use it. On August 29, 1893 Whitcomb Judson, an engineer living in Chicago, was awarded a patent for a 'clasp-locker.' Although Judson was a famous inventor, he found no one interested in the clasp-locker. So, to drum up interest Judson put the clasp-locker on display at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. But there the world's first zipper was largely ignored. He did receive an order from the United States Postal Service for twenty zipper mail bags, but the zippers stuck so frequently that the bags were soon thrown away.

	Point

It takes + 시간 + to~ : ~하는데 시간이 걸리다.

강조의 do : He did receive an order from the United States Postal Service~

so 형/부 that~ : 너무 ~해서 ~하다.

not ~until 구문 강조 : it wasn't until around 1920 that they began to appear on civilian clothing.

= They didn't begin to appear on civilian clothing until around 1920.

중요어휘 :   drum up                        patent

어법상 어색한 부분을 고치시오.

It took twenty years getting it on the market, then an additional ten years persuaded people to use it.(2)It took twenty years to get it on the market, then an additional ten years to persuade people to use it.

Whitcomb Judson, an engineer living in Chicago, awarded a patent for a 'clasp-locker.' Whitcomb Judson, an engineer living in Chicago, was awarded a patent for a 'clasp-locker.'

Because Judson was a famous inventor, he found no one interest in the clasp-locker.(2) Although Judson was a famous inventor, he found no one interested in the clasp-locker.

But there the world's first zipper was largely ignoring.But there the world's first zipper was largely ignored.

The zippers stuck so frequently what the bags were soon thrown away.The zippers stuck so frequently that the bags were soon thrown away.

A Swedish-American engineer Gideon Sundback produced a smaller and lighter fastener, (which, that) was to become the modern zipper. It first appeared for use on army clothing during World War I. At home, zippers appeared on boots and money belts, but it wasn't until around 1920 that they began to appear on civilian clothing. The early zippers were not particularly popular. A metal zipper rusted easily, so it had to be removed before washing. Q. What was the main problem of the zippers on the bags? In 1923, the B.F. Goodrich Company introduced rubber boots with the new 'hookless fasteners.' Mr. Goodrich himself is credited with inventing the name 'zipper,' basing it on the 'z-z-z-zip' sound his boots made when using the device. This unusual name, plus the fact that it was now easier to use and rustproof, greatly helped make the zipper more popular. Q. Where did the name 'zipper' come from?

	Point

동격절을 이어주는 접속사 that

중요어휘:   be credited with~                         base A on B

어법상 어색한 부분을 고치시오.

A Swedish-American engineer Gideon Sundback produced a smaller and lighter  fastener, that was to become the modern zipper. which was to become the modern zipper.

It was until around 1920 that they began to appear on civilian clothing. It wasn't until around 1920 that they began to appear on civilian clothing.

A metal zipper rusted easy, so it had to remove before washing.(2) A metal zipper rusted easily, so it had to be removed before washing.

Mr. Goodrich himself is credited with being invented the name 'zipper,' based it on the 'z-z-z-zip' sound his boots made when using the device.(2) Mr. Goodrich himself is credited with inventing the name 'zipper,' basing it on the 'z-z-z-zip' sound his boots made when using the device.

This unusual name, plus the fact that it was now easier to use and rustproof, greatly helped making the zipper more popular.This unusual name, plus the fact that it was now easier to use and rustproof, greatly helped make the zipper more popular.

⑆AFTER READING

B. 본문 내용과 일치하지 않는 부분을 찾아 바르게 고쳐 봅시다.

1. Those Europeans who did brush their teeth preferred horsebrushes, which were much firmer.

2. Paper bags existed before Stilwell's time, but they were pasted together by hand; their flat-bottoms prevented them from standing up on their own.

3. Whitcomb Judson is credited with inventing the name 'zipper', basing it on the 'z-z-z-zip' sound his boots made when using the device.

⑆ FOCUS ON LANGUAGE

A. Expressions in Use

■ Phrasal Verbs & Idioms

1. The hairs, taken from the hair of hogs living in cold climates, were tied to handles made of bamboo or bone.

2. Mr.Goodrich himself is credited with inventing the name 'zipper', basing it on the 'z-z-z-zip' sound his boots made.

■ Special Expressions

1. All animal-hair toothbrushes eventually build up tiny bacteria, which in turn could cause mouth diseases.

2. To drum up interest Judson put the clasp-locker in display at the 1893 Chicago Wolrd's Fair.

B. Structures in Use

1. There are few things simpler yet more functional than the paper bag.

2. He did receive an order from the United States Postal Service for twenty zipper mail bags.

♣ Check-up

우리말에 맞게 빈칸에 알맞은 말을 써 봅시다.

1. Be careful when you wash a shirt                    silk.

실크로 만들어진 셔츠를 빨때는 조심해라.

2. Her latest TV serial is        ed          a true story.

그녀의 최신 TV 시리즈는 실화에 바탕을 두고 있다.

3.He spoke to the three boys                    .

그는 차례로 세 명의 남자아이에게 말했다.

4. He was trying to                     some enthusiasm for his idea.

▶ 다음 문장을 밑줄 친 부분에 유의하여 우리말로 해석해 봅시다.

1. No one is more thoughtful than her in our class.

2. She did practice the song very hard for her concert.

⑆ON YOUR OWN

W: How can I help you?

M: Oh, hi! I bought this camera yesterday, and it keeps shutting off by itself.

W: Well, isn’t your battery fully used up?

M: Excuse me? Can you say that again?

W: I mean isn’t your battery dead?

M: I don’t think so. No, it’s full.

W: Then did you leave the camera set to STAND BY for more than 5 minutes without using it?

M: I’m afraid so. How can I turn it on again? Can you show me how to do that?

W: Sure. Press the RECORD START/STOP button again. There it goes.

⑆ TRANSLATION

The Toothbrush: Egypt, 3000 B.C.

The earliest toothbrushes, found in Egyptian tombs dating back to 3000 B.C., were called 'chew sticks.' 기원전 3000년 전으로 거슬러 올라가 이집트의 무덤에서 발견된 최초의 칫솔은 “씹는 막대”로 불렸다.

They were small branches with a soft end that were rubbed on the teeth.그것은 부드러운 끝으로 이를 문지르는 작은 나뭇가지였다.

Chew sticks are still used today in some parts of the world. 씹는 막대는 오늘날에도 세계의 몇몇 장소에서 여전이 사용된다.

The first animal-hair toothbrushes were developed in China around 1498. 최초의 동물 털로 된 칫솔은 1498년 경 중국에서 개발되었다.

The hairs, taken from the hair of hogs living in cold climates, were tied to handles made of bamboo or bone.추운 기후에 사는 돼지 털에서 뽑힌 칫솔모는 대나무나 뼈로 만든 손잡이에 묶였다.

Traders from Chian brought the animal-hair toothbrushes to Europe, but the people there found the hog hairs too firm.중국 상인들은 동물 털 칫솔을 유럽으로 가지고 왔으나, 그곳 사람들은 돼지 털이 너무 뻣뻣하다고 느꼈다.

At the time, those Europeans who did brush their teeth preferred horsehair toothbrushes, which were much softer. 그 당시, 칫솔질을 하던 유럽인들은 말 털 칫솔을 더 좋아했고 그것은 훨씬 더 부드러웠다.

When Louis Pasteur introduced the idea of germs in the 1800s, people realized that all animal-hair toothbrushes eventually build up tiny bacteria, which in turn could cause mouth diseases.  Louis Pasteur가 1800년대에 세균의 개념을 소개했을 때, 사람들은 모든 동물 털 칫솔이 결국 미세한 박테리아를 생성하고 그것이 또한 구강 질환을 일으킬 수 있음을 깨달았다.

Washing animal-hair brushes in boiling water could leave them too soft or destroy them entirely.끓는 물에 동물 털 칫솔을 세척하는 것은 그것들을 너무 부드럽게 만들거나 완전히 손상시킬 수 있었다.

This problem was not solved until the 1930s, when the soft nylon toothbrush was invented in the US.이런 문제는 미국에서 부드러운 나일론 칫솔이 발명되기 전까지는 해결되지 않았다.

The Brown Paper Bag: Philadelphia,

There are few things simpler yet more functional than the paper bag. 종이봉투보다 간단하지만 기증적인 것은 거의 없다.

Picasso even painted on them. Even though it is a very simple thing, the paper bag as we know it today is surprisingly only one hundred years old.피카소는 심지어 그 위에 그림을 그렸다. 매우 단순한 것이지만, 오늘날 우리가 아는 종이봉투는 놀랍게도 100년밖에 되지 않았다.

The inventor of the brown paper grocery bag was a man named Charles Stilwell. 갈색 종이 식품 봉투를 발견한 사람은 Charles Stilwell이란 이름의 사람이었다.One of his earliest inventions was the machine to produce paper bags. 그의 최초의 발명품 중 하나는 종이봉투를 생산하는 기계였다.Bags existed before Stilwell's time, but they were pasted together by hand 봉투는 Stilwell의 시대 이전에 존재했지만, 손으로 풀칠된 것이었다.; their V-shaped bottoms prevented them from standing on their own, and they were not easily folded.그것의 V모양 바닥은 그것이 스스로 서있지 못하게 했고, 쉽게 접히지 않았다.

Stilwell's design was a great example of simple engineering. Stilwell의 디자인은 단순한 설계의 위대한 예였다.

The folds which allowed the bag to open quickly also permitted it to be folded and piled up neatly.봉투가 쉽게 열리게 해주는 그 주름은 또한 봉투가 깨끗이 접히고 쌓일 수 있게 해 주었다.

But the feature that people liked the most was that it could stand up, fully open and upright, on its own.그러나 사람들이 가장 좋아했던 특징은 그것이 스스로 서고 완전히 열려서 똑바로 서 있다는 것이었다.

As the number of supermarkets increased due to the rapidly increasing population, demand for Stilwell's flat-bottom bags also grew.급속한 인구 성장으로 인해 슈퍼마켓의 수가 증가함에 따라서, Stilwell의 평평한 바닥 봉투의 요구 또한 증가했다.

The fact that they were strong, cheap and practical made them popular all over the country and all over the world.그 봉투가 튼튼하고 저렴하며 실용적이라는 사실로 인해 전국과 전세계적으로 인기를 얻었다.

The Zipper: Chicago, 1893

The zipper emerged out of a long and patient technological struggle. 지퍼는 길고 끈기 있는 기술적 노력에서 나왔다.

It took twenty years to getit on the market, then an additional ten years to persuade people to use it.그것이 시장에 나오기 위해 20년이 걸렸고, 또 사람들이 그것을 사용하도록 납득시키는데 10년이 더 걸렸다.

On August 29, 1893 Whitcomb Judson, an engineer living in Chicago, was awarded a patent for a 'clasp-locker. 1893년 8월 29일, 시카고에 살았던 기술자인 Whitcomb Judson이 'clasp - locker'로 특허를 받았다.

Although Judson was a famous inventor, he found no one interested in the clasp-locker.Judson이 유명한 발명가였지만 아무도 그 clasp - locker에는 관심이 없다는 것을 알았다.

So, to drum up interest Judson put the clasp-locker on display at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.그래서 흥미를 불러 모으기 위해서 Judson은 그 clasp - locker를 1893년 시카고 세계 박람회에 전시했다.

But there the world's first zipper was largely ignored.그러나 그곳에서 세계 최초의 지퍼는 크게 무시당했다.

He did receive an order from the United States Postal Service for twenty zipper mail bags, but the zippers stuck so frequently that the bags were soon thrown away.그는 실제로 미국 체신부로부터 20개의 지퍼 우편 가방을 주문 받기는 했으나, 지퍼가 너무 자주 걸려서 가방은 곧 버려졌다.

A Swedish-American engineer Gideon Sundback produced a smaller and lighter fastener, which was to become the modern zipper.스위스 출신 미국 기술자인 Dideon Sundback이 더 작고 가벼운 잠그개를 만들어냈고, 그것은 좀 더 현대적인 지퍼가 되었다.

It first appeared for use on army clothing during World War I.그것은 1차 세계대전동안 군복에서 처음으로 선보여졌다.

At home, zippers appeared on boots and money belts, but it wasn't until around 1920 that they began to appear on civilian clothing.집에서 지퍼는 부츠와 전대에 부탁되었지만, 민간인의 의상에 부탁되기 시작된 건 1920년 경이였다.

The early zippers were not particularly popular. 초기의 지퍼는 특별히 인기가 있는 건 아니었다.

A metal zipper rusted easily, so it had to be removed before washing.금속 지퍼는 쉽게 녹이 슬어서 세탁 전에 제거되어야 했다.

In 1923, the B.F.goodrich Company introduced rubber boots with the new 'hookless fasteners.'1923년에 , B.F.Goodrich 회사가 새로운 갈고리 없는 걸쇠가 부탁된 고무 부츠를 소개했다.

Mr. Goodrich himself is credited with inventing the name 'zipper,' basing it on the 'z-z-z-zip' sound his boots made when using the device.자신이 그 장치를 사용할 때 부츠에서 나는 '지...집' 소리에 기초를 둔 '지퍼'라는 이름을 박명한 공로를 인정받았다.

This unusual name, plus the fact that it was now easier to use and rustproof, greatly helped make the zipper more popular. Goodrich  이 특이한 이름은 사용하기 쉬워지고 녹이 슬지 않는다는 사실과 함께 지퍼가 좀 더 인기 있게 만드는 데 큰 도움이 되었다.

⑆ CHECK UP - BLANK 1

❍ The Toothbrush: Egypt, 3000 B.C.

⇨ 최초의 칫솔: 이집트, 기원전 3000년

❍ The earliest toothbrushes, found in Egyptian tombs (           date) (                    ) 3000 B.C., were called 'chew sticks.'

⇨ 기원전 3000년 전으로 거슬러 올라가 이집트의 무덥에서 발견된 최초의 칫솔은 "씹는 막대"로 불렸다.

❍ They were small branches with a soft end that were rubbed on the teeth.

⇨  그것은 부드러운 끝으로 이를 문지르는 작은 나뭇가지였다.

❍Chew sticks are still used today in some parts of the world.

⇨ 씹는 막대는 오늘날에도 세계의 몇몇 장소에서 여전히 사용된다.

❍ The first animal-hair of toothbrushes were developed in China around 1498.

⇨ 최초의 동물 털로 된 칫솔은 1498년 경 중국에서 개발되었다.

❍  The hairs, (         take) from the hair of hogs (            live) in cold climates, were tied to handles (          make) bamboo or bone.

⇨ 추운 기후에 사는 돼지 털에서 뽑힌 칫솔모는 대나무나 뼈로 만든 손잡이에 묶였다.

❍ Traders from China brought the animal-hair toothbrushes to Europe, but the people there found the hog hairs too firm.

⇨ 중국 상인들은 동물 털 칫솔을 유럽으로 가지고 왔으나, 그곳 사람들은 돼지 털이 너무 뻣뻣하다고 느꼈다.

❍ At the time, those Europeans who did brush their teeth preferred horsehair toothbrushes, which were (        ) softer.

⇨  그 당시, 칫솔질을 하던 유럽인들은 말 털 칫솔을 더 좋아했고 그것은 훨씬 더 부드러웠다.

❍  When Louis Pasteur introduced the idea of germs in the 1800s, people realized that all animal-hair toothbrushes eventually build up tiny bacteria, which (           ) could cause mouth diseases.

⇨ Louis Pasteur가 1800년대에 세균의 개념을 소개했을 때, 사람들은 모든 동물 털 칫솔이 결국 미세한 박테리아를 생성하고 그것이 또한 구강 질환을 일으킬 수 있음을 깨달았다.

❍  (                              wash) animal-hair toothbrushes in boiling water could leave them too soft or destroy them entirely.

⇨ 끓는 물에 동물 털 킷솔을 세척하는 것은 그것들을 너무 부드럽게 만들거나 완전히 손상시킬 수 있었다.

❍ This problem was not solved (          ) the 1930s, (             ) the soft nylon toothbrush was invented in the US.

⇨ 이런 문제는 미국에서 부드러운 나일론 칫솔이 발명되기 전까지는 해결되지 않았다.

Q: What did the earliest toothbrushes look like?

A:

❍ The Brown Paper Bag: Philadelphia, 1883

⇨갈색 종이봉투: 필라델피아

❍ There are (       ) things simper yet (         ) functional (        ) the paper bag.

⇨ 종이봉투보다 간단하지만 기능적인 것은 거의 없다.

❍ Picasso even painted on them.

⇨ 피카소는 심지어 그 위에 그림을 그렸다.

❍ Even thought it is a very simple thing, the paper bag as we know it today is surprisingly only one hundred years old.

⇨  매우 단순한 것이지만, 오늘날 우리가 아는 종이봉투는 놀랍게도 100년밖에 되지 않았다.

❍  The inventor of the brown paper grocery bag was a man (         name) Charles Stilwell.

⇨ 갈색 종이 식품 봉투를 발명한 사람은 Charles Stilwell이란 이름의 사람이었다.

❍ One of his earliest inventions was the machine to produce paper bags.

⇨ 그의 최초의 발명품 중 하나는 종이봉투를 생산하는 기계였다.

❍  Bags existed before Stilwell's time, but they were pasted together by hand; their V-shaped bottoms prevented them (        ) (          stand) on their own, and they were not easily folded.

⇨ 봉투는 Steilwell의 시대 이전에 존재했지만, 손으로 풀칠된 것이었다.; 그것의 V모양 바닥은 그것이 스스로 서있지 못하게 했고, 쉽게 접히지 않았다.

❍  Stilwell's design was a great example of simple engineering. The folds which allowed the bag to open quickly also permitted it (           fold) and piled up neatly.

⇨ Stilwell의 디자인은 단순한 설계의 위대한 예였다. 봉투가 쉽게 열리게 해주는 그 주름은 또한 봉투가 깨끗이 접히고 쌓일 수 있게 해 주었다.

❍ But the feature that people liked the most was that it could stand up, fully open and upright, on its own.

⇨  그러나 사람들이 가장 좋아했던 특징은 그것이 스스로 서고 완전히 열려서 똑바로 서 있다는 것이었다.

❍ As the number of supermarkets increased (          ) the rapidly increasing population, demand for Stilwell's flat-bottom bags also grew. otline

⇨ 급속한 인구 성장으로 인해 슈퍼마켓의 수가 증가함에 따라서, Stilwell의 평평한 바닥 봉투의 요구 또한 증가했다.

❍  (           ) that they were strong, cheap and practical made them popular all over the country and all over the world.

⇨그 봉투가 튼튼하고 저렴하며 실용적이라는 사실로 인해 전국과 전 세계적으로 인기를 얻었다.

Q: What was the main problem of the zippers on the bags?

A:

❍ The Zipper: Chicago, 1893

⇨ 지퍼: 시카고, 11893년

❍ The zipper emerged out of a long and patient technological struggle.

⇨ 지퍼는 길고 끈기 있는 기술적 노력에서 나왔다.

❍ (   ) took twenty years (        get) on the market, then an additional ten years to persuade people to use it.

⇨  그것이 시장에 나오기 위해 20년이 걸렸고, 또 사람들이 그것을 사용하도록 납득시키는데 10년이 더 걸렸다.

❍ On August 29, 1893, Whitcomb Judson, an engineer living in Chicago, was awarded a patent for a 'clasp-locker.'

⇨ 1893년 8월 29일, 시카고에 살았던 기술자인 Whitcomb Judson이 'clasp-locker'로 특허를 받았다.

❍Although Judson was a famous inventor, he found no one (           interest) in the clasp-locker.

⇨  Judson이 유명한 발명가였지만 아무도 그 clasp-locker에는 관심이 없다는 것을 알았다.

❍  So, (                     dump) interest Judson put the clasp-locker on display at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.

⇨  그래서 흥미를 불러 모으기 위해서 Judson은 그 clasp-locker를 1893년 시카고 세계 박람회에 전시했다.

❍  But there the world's first zipper was largely ignored.

⇨  그러나 그것에서 세계 최초의 지퍼는 크게 무시당했다.

❍  He did receive an order from the United States Postal Service for twenty zipper mail bags, but the zippers stuck (    ) frequently (        ) the bags were soon thrown away.

⇨  그는 실제로 미국 체신부로부터 20개의 지퍼 우편 가방을 주문 받기는 했으나, 지퍼가 너무 자주 걸려서 가방은 곧 버려졌다.

❍A Swedish-American engineer Gideon Sundback produced a smaller and lighter fastener, which was to become the modern zipper.

⇨ 스위스 출신 미국 기술자인 Gideon Sundback이 더 작고 가벼운 잠그개를 만들어냈고, 그것은 좀 더 현대적인 지퍼가 되었다.

❍ It first appeared for use on army clothing during World War Ⅰ.

⇨ 그것은 1차 세계대전동안 군복에서 처음으로 선보여졌다.

❍  At home, zippers appeared on boots and money belts, but it (                         ) around 1920 that they began to appear on civilian clothing.

⇨ 집에서 지퍼는 부츠와 전대에 보여졌지만, 민간인의 의상에 보여지기 시작된 건1920년 경이였다.

❍ The early zippers were not particularly popular.

⇨ 초기의 지퍼는 특별히 인기가 있는 건 아니었다.

❍ A metal zipper rusted easily, so it had to (            move) before washing.

⇨  금속 지퍼는 쉽게 녹이 슬어서 세탁 전에 제거되어야 했다.

Q: What was the main problem of the zippers on the bags?

A:

❍ In 1923, the B.F. Goodrich Company introduced rubber boots with the new 'hookless fasteners.'

⇨ 1923년에, B.F. Goodrich 회사가 새로운 갈고리 없는 걸쇠가 부탁된 고무 부츠를 소개했다.

❍ Mr. Goodrich himself (                   credit) inventing the name 'zipper,' (                 base) it on the 'z-z-z-zip' sound his boots made when (                  use) the device.

⇨  Goodrich 자신이 그 장치를 사용할 때 부츠에서 나는 '지..집' 소리에 기초를 둔 '지퍼'라는 이름을 발명한 공로를 인정받았다.

❍ This unusual name, plus the fact that it was now easier to use and rustproof, greatly helped make the zipper more popular.

⇨ 이 특이한 이름은 이제는 사용하기 쉬워지고 녹이 슬지 않는 다른 사실과 함께 지퍼가 좀 더 인기 있게 만드는 데 큰 도움이 되었다.

Q: Where did the name 'zipper' come from?

A:

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p.178

The Toothbrush: Egypt, 3000 B.C.

1. The earliest toothbrushes, ( finding / found ) in Egyptian tombs ( dated / dating ) (       ) to 3000 B.C., ( was / were ) ( calling / called ) 'chew sticks.'

기원전 3000년 전으로 거슬러 올라가 이집트의 무덤에서 발견된 최초의 칫솔은 "씹는 막대"로 불렸다.

2. They were small branches with a soft end that ( were rubbing / were rubbed ) on the teeth.

그것은 부드러운 끝으로 이를 문지르는 작은 나뭇가지였다.

3. Chew sticks are still ( used / used to being ) today in some parts of the world.

씹는 막대는 오늘날에도 세계의 몇몇 장소에서 여전히 사용된다.

4. The first animal-hair toothbrushes ( developed / were developed ) in China around 1498.

최초의 동물 털로 된 칫솔은 1498년 경 중국에서 개발되었다.

5. The hairs, ( taken / taking ) from the hair of hogs living in cold climates, ( were tying / were tied ) to handles ( made of / making of ) bamboo or bone.

추운 기후에 사는 돼지 털에서 뽑힌 칫솔모는 대나무나 뼈로 만든 손잡이에 묶였다.

6. Traders from China ( were brought / brought ) the animal-hair toothbrushes to Europe, but the people there found the hog hairs too ( firm / firmly ).

중국 상인들은 동물 털 칫솔을 유럽으로 가지고 왔으나, 그곳 사람들은 돼지 털이 너무 뻣뻣하다고 느꼈다.

7. At the time, those Europeans who (       ) brush their teeth preferred horsehair toothbrushes, ( that / which ) were ( very / much ) softer.

그 당시, 칫솔질을 하던 유럽인들은 말 털 칫솔을 더 좋아했고 그것은 훨씬 더 부드러웠다.

8. When Louis Pasteur ( introduced / was introduced ) the idea of germs in the 1800s, people realized that all animal-hair toothbrushes eventually build up tiny bacteria, ( that / which ) in turn could cause mouth diseases.

Louis Pasteur가 1800년대에 세균의 개념을 소개했을 때, 사람들은 모든 동물 털 칫솔이 결국 미세한 박테리아를 생성하고 그것이 또한 구강 질환을 일으킬 수 있음을 깨달았다.

9. Washing animal-hair brushes in ( boiled / boiling ) water could leave them too ( soft / softly ) or destroy them ( entire / entirely ).

끓는 물에 동물 털 칫솔을 세척하는 것은 그것들을 너무 부드럽게 만들거나 완전히 손상시킬 수 있었다.

10. This problem was (      ) solved (       ) the 1930s, when the soft nylon toothbrush ( invented / was invented ) in the US.

이런 문제는 미국에서 부드러운 나일론 칫솔이 발명되기 전까지는 해결되지 않았다.

p.179

The Brown Paper Bag: Philadelphia, 1883

1. There are ( few / little ) things simpler yet more functional than the paper bag.

종이봉투보다 간단하지만 기능적인 것은 거의 없다.

2. Picasso even painted on them.

피카소는 심지어 그 위에 그림을 그렸다.

3. ( Even though / Despite ) it is a very simple thing, the paper bag as we know it today is ( surprising / surprisingly ) only one hundred years old.

매우 단순한 것이지만, 오늘날 우리가 아는 종이봉투는 놀랍게도 100년밖에 되지 않았다.

4. The inventor of the brown paper grocery bag was a man ( naming / named ) Charles Stilwell.

갈색 종이 식품 봉투를 발명한 사람은 Charles Stilwell이란 이름의 사람이었다.

5. One of his earliest inventions ( was / were ) the machine to produce paper bags.

그의 최초의 발명품 중 하나는 종이봉투를 생산하는 기계였다.

6. Bags existed before Stilwell's time, but they ( pasted / were pasted ) together by hand; their V-shaped bottoms prevented them ( on / from ) ( stood / standing ) on their own, and they were not easily

( folding / folded ).

봉투는 Stilwell의 시대 이전에 존재했지만, 손으로 풀칠된 것이었다.; 그것의 V모양 바닥은 그것이 스스로 서있지 못하게 했고, 쉽게 접히지 않았다.

7. Stilwell's design was a great example of simple engineering.

Stilwell의 디자인은 단순한 설계의 위대한 예였다.

8. The folds ( what / which ) allowed the bag ( opening / to open ) quickly also permitted it ( to fold /to be folded ) and ( pile / piled ) up neatly.

봉투가 쉽게 열리게 해주는 그 주름은 또한 봉투가 깨끗이 접히고 쌓일 수 있게 해 주었다.

9. But the feature that people liked the most was ( which / that ) it could stand up, fully open and upright, on its own.

그러나 사람들이 가장 좋아했던 특징은 그것이 스스로 서고 완전히 열려서 똑바로 서 있다는 것이었다.

10. As ( a number of / the number of ) supermarkets increased (      ) (      ) the rapidly increasing population, demand for Stilwell's flat-bottom bags also grew.

급속한 인구 성장으로 인해 슈퍼마켓의 수가 증가함에 따라서, Stilwell의 평평한 바닥 봉투의 요구 또한 증가했다.

11. The fact ( which / that ) they were strong, cheap and practical made them ( popular / popularly ) all over the country and all over the world.

그 봉투가 튼튼하고 저렴하며 실용적이라는 사실로 인해 전국과 전 세계적으로 인기를 얻었다.

p. 180

The Zipper: Chicago, 1893

1. The zipper emerged (      ) (      ) a long and ( patient / patent ) technological struggle.

지퍼는 길고 끈기 있는 기술적 노력에서 나왔다.

2. It took twenty years ( getting / to get ) it on the market, then an additional ten years

( persuading / to persuade ) people ( using / to use ) it.

그것이 시장에 나오기 위해 20년이 걸렸고, 또 사람들이 그것을 사용하도록 납득시키는데 10년이 더 걸렸다.

3. ( In / On ) August 29, 1893 Whitcomb Judson, an engineer ( lived / living ) in Chicago,

( was awarding / was awarded ) a patent for a 'clasp-locker.'

1893년 8월 29일, 시카고에 살았던 기술자인 Whitcomb Judson이 'clasp-locker'로 특허를 받았다.

4. ( Despite / Although ) Judson was a famous inventor, he found no one ( interested / interesting ) in the clasp-locker.

Judson이 유명한 발명가였지만 아무도 그 clasp-locker에는 관심이 없다는 것을 알았다.

5. So, to (        ) (       ) interest Judson put the clasp-locker on display at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.

그래서 흥미를 불러 모으기 위해서 Judson은 그 clasp-locker를 1893년 시카고 세계 박람회에 전시했다.

6. But there the world's first zipper was largely ( ignored / ignoring ).

그러나 그것에서 세계 최초의 지퍼는 크게 무시당했다.

7. He (     ) receive an order from the United States Postal Service for twenty zipper mail bags, but the zippers stuck so ( frequent / frequently ) that the bags were soon (            ) (          ).

그는 실제로 미국 체신부로부터 20개의 지퍼 우편 가방을 주문 받기는 했으나, 지퍼가 너무 자주 걸려서 가방은 곧 버려졌다.

8. A Swedish-American engineer Gideon Sundback produced a smaller and lighter fastener, ( that / which ) was to become the modern zipper.

스위스 출신 미국 기술자인 Gideon Sundback이 더 작고 가벼운 잠그개를 만들어냈고, 그것은 좀 더 현대적인 지퍼가 되었다.

9. It first ( was appeared / appeared ) for use on army clothing ( during / while ) World War I.

그것은 1차 세계대전동안 군복에서 처음으로 선보여졌다.

10. At home, zippers ( was appeared / appeared ) on boots and money belts, but it (         ) (          ) around 1920 that they began to appear on civilian clothing.

집에서 지퍼는 부츠와 전대에 보여 졌지만, 민간인의 의상에 보여 지기 시작된 건1920년 경이였다.

11. The early zippers were not particularly ( popular / popularly ).

초기의 지퍼는 특별히 인기가 있는 건 아니었다.

12. A metal zipper rusted ( easy / easily ), so it had to ( remove / be removed ) before ( wash / washing).

금속 지퍼는 쉽게 녹이 슬어서 세탁 전에 제거되어야 했다.

p. 181

13. In 1923, the B.F. Goodrich Company introduced rubber boots (         ) the new 'hookless fasteners.'

1923년에, B.F. Goodrich 회사가 새로운 갈고리 없는 걸쇠가 부탁된 고무 부츠를 소개했다.

14. Mr. Goodrich himself ( credit / is credited ) with inventing the name 'zipper,' ( based / basing ) it on       the 'z-z-z-zip' sound his boots made when ( using / used ) the device.

Goodrich 자신이 그 장치를 사용할 때 부츠에서 나는 '지..짚' 소리에 기초를 둔 '지퍼'라는 이름을 발명한 공로를 인정받았다.

15. This unusual name, plus the fact ( which / that ) it was now easier to use and rustproof, greatly helped  make the zipper more ( popular / popularly ).

이 특이한 이름은 이제는 사용하기 쉬워지고 녹이 슬지 않는 다른 사실과 함께 지퍼가 좀 더 인기 있게 만드는 데 큰 도움이 되었다.